tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28499984182513065192024-03-06T12:00:52.696-08:00TREC Plant Diagnostic ClinicAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-30693607974773392772013-03-20T13:36:00.001-07:002013-03-20T13:36:23.362-07:00Avoid spreading disease through your irrigation system part 1: Effect of water on plant health<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tERDmW13AU&list=PL3EADCB2A719306FA" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEI-LASXuK2NBmNEcTrnnfvnK0W5oyov-oQehvrrG9orIFzQZUh_fqCek5Bjb-JNamZlE1YiCM4QEtImqgPU-xrbNEbfMVO9Jtl8nckVuUbMdGtUyTmWHVKEAc3vAlt0IEPa7i04VC4LpS/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-03-20+at+4.28.42+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">YouTube video of <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">UF</a>/<a href="http://ifas.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">IFAS</a>/<a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">TREC</a>/<a href="http://fpdn.ifas.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">FEPDC</a> <a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/ornpathology/personnel/aaron-palmateer.shtml" target="_blank">Dr. Aaron Palmateer's</a> presentation "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tERDmW13AU&list=PL3EADCB2A719306FA" target="_blank">Avoid spreading disease through your irrigation system part 1: Effect of water on plant health</a>".</div><br />
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-80849350594007652432013-02-05T07:06:00.008-08:002013-02-05T07:07:55.814-08:00Botryosphaeria Dieback of Eugenia, Ligustrum, Oleander, Pittosporum, Viburnum ’Awabuki’ and Wax Myrtle<div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9NVYXISkA6E1QJ57naVfRkBJroe1AOdmWHGZAqGcpHvYn4aUci6VRK3ZFRuh-qlBccnozjuqoBpl_9PtCJPzGxe3e6gpHMQR-l4z8Y5ZdTxsS8ksvW2sZt96yR785lQMl3DZ25EFamdy_/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-02-05+at+9.57.29+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9NVYXISkA6E1QJ57naVfRkBJroe1AOdmWHGZAqGcpHvYn4aUci6VRK3ZFRuh-qlBccnozjuqoBpl_9PtCJPzGxe3e6gpHMQR-l4z8Y5ZdTxsS8ksvW2sZt96yR785lQMl3DZ25EFamdy_/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-02-05+at+9.57.29+AM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>Introduction</b><br />
Eugenia (<i>Syzgium paniculatum</i>), Ligustrum (<i>Ligustrum japonicum</i>) , Oleander (<i>Nerium oleander</i>), Pittosporum (<i>Pittosporum tobira</i>), Viburnum (<i>Viburnum odoratissimum</i> ’Awabuki’) and wax myrtle<br />
(<i>Morella cerifera</i>) are six ornamental plants common to South Florida landscapes. Dieback of these<br />
plants are sometimes attributed to the fungus Botryosphaeria. Disease symptoms includes yellow, spotted and blighted leaves, dried leaves, defoliations, cankers, tip diebacks, branch diebacks, and often<br />
death of the entire plant. Plants in a hedge row are often randomly affected with no discernable pattern.<br />
Disease symptoms may be present at any time of the year.<br />
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<b>View or Download complete publication:</b></div>
<a href="http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Eugenia_Disease.pdf" style="color: purple; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Eugenia_Disease.pdf</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7h3waL9t3Rlsuj-80ndHw_qUgbnLPe6BtyhDR2mS3QRHR_XhyY_5Cbf9aFH68I2s5fBnLlzwp8CZCW696OwhH89dFKQP9b2LfyDJ_rENSe4X9JQFSHeWe2FLQsFGMRLtbXq3PCBzOHw2T/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-02-05+at+10.01.22+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7h3waL9t3Rlsuj-80ndHw_qUgbnLPe6BtyhDR2mS3QRHR_XhyY_5Cbf9aFH68I2s5fBnLlzwp8CZCW696OwhH89dFKQP9b2LfyDJ_rENSe4X9JQFSHeWe2FLQsFGMRLtbXq3PCBzOHw2T/s200/Screen+Shot+2013-02-05+at+10.01.22+AM.png" width="200" /></a>Stephen H. Brown, Horticulture Agent</div>
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Lee County Extension, Fort Myers, Florida</div>
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<span style="color: black;">(239) 533-7513 </span><a href="mailto:brownsh@ufl.edu">brownsh@ufl.edu</a></div>
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Brown’s Webpage</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTb4wX6MmcJ0CKQh9WPYMgW_Dkswt2SEVum5ZaTAqZ7CYILod3PbEIUIAL9X2_0lts99h1zwhFgkeemlO2S5TilYGMsLwbr8f1oSyya7zRs2l2vFpqxP-Bgyd3LtctsJSYcOVOV-x4pv5W/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-02-05+at+10.03.07+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTb4wX6MmcJ0CKQh9WPYMgW_Dkswt2SEVum5ZaTAqZ7CYILod3PbEIUIAL9X2_0lts99h1zwhFgkeemlO2S5TilYGMsLwbr8f1oSyya7zRs2l2vFpqxP-Bgyd3LtctsJSYcOVOV-x4pv5W/s200/Screen+Shot+2013-02-05+at+10.03.07+AM.png" width="200" /></a></div>
Aaron Palmateer, Plant Pathologist</div>
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Tropical REC, Homestead, Florida <span style="color: #0433ff;"><a href="mailto:ajp@ufl.edu">ajp@ufl.edu</a></span><br />
<span style="color: #0433ff;"><a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/ornpathology/index.shtml" target="_blank">Palmateer's Webpage</a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-19576147905659732922013-01-31T18:15:00.000-08:002013-01-31T18:33:09.199-08:00Webinar: Impatiens Downy Mildew, Dr. Aaron Palmateer<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPewN3UzyeVF2ilDQVYJIR4WFcu9dxGXYqOZTe6DoCf6_1_8yAIYQmr_tq45jOLJPYdhec28WcYqJxrk3MPFRXZi18wh8sAmiiac-uYCnVJDW6P9IG1XKCuxbRLYYNJvcmmpQPKKzVzF0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-01-31+at+9.08.20+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPewN3UzyeVF2ilDQVYJIR4WFcu9dxGXYqOZTe6DoCf6_1_8yAIYQmr_tq45jOLJPYdhec28WcYqJxrk3MPFRXZi18wh8sAmiiac-uYCnVJDW6P9IG1XKCuxbRLYYNJvcmmpQPKKzVzF0/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-01-31+at+9.08.20+PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Downy Mildew on <i>Impatiens walleriana</i><br />
in South Florida</td></tr>
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<b>GPDN Webinar series 2013</b></h2>
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<b>Seminar Title: </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Impatiens Downy Mildew</span></h3>
<b>Speaker:</b> Dr. Aaron Palmateer, <a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_palmateer.shtml" target="_blank">University of Florida - IFAS/TREC/FEPDC</a><br />
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<b>Webinar Link: </b><a href="http://connect.ksre.ksu.edu/p52039748/">http://connect.ksre.ksu.edu/p52039748/</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8SO1kZ4YxiBX65Uxyaga9GTMc4ZZ9wqcFYBfwaBaCgvr21GG4nE9G2VXTBWooFQhofSC-eiVhURfnNRgBStzKD6fk0gTyfXS5QzpC9EZcRgcDyWa-BZ8ExXYN9dCABLoKoObrT52H-EAg/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="36" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8SO1kZ4YxiBX65Uxyaga9GTMc4ZZ9wqcFYBfwaBaCgvr21GG4nE9G2VXTBWooFQhofSC-eiVhURfnNRgBStzKD6fk0gTyfXS5QzpC9EZcRgcDyWa-BZ8ExXYN9dCABLoKoObrT52H-EAg/s640/7.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="color: black; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<b>Webinar series main page: </b><a href="http://www.gpdn.org/webinar_2013" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">http://www.gpdn.org/webinar_2013</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-51556057346286900132012-07-06T10:59:00.001-07:002012-07-06T11:01:38.741-07:00Sampling for Laurel Wilt<br />
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Jonathan H. Crane, Tropical Fruit Crop Specialist </div>
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May 23, 2012 (<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=sampling%20for%20laurel%20wilt&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CE0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftrec.ifas.ufl.edu%2FRAB-LW-2%2Fpdfs%2Frefromjonathancranerenoticeofmeetingpleaseposta%2FSampling%2520for%2520laurel%2520wilt%25206-2-12.pdf&ei=4Sf3T-noHYSm8ATOxOXmBg&usg=AFQjCNEnvcrPwEsNdGfgGHCockhVHhGFMg&sig2=7v5Up1IaoVlb0q3YHpytDQ" target="_blank">Download PDF - Click Here</a>)</div>
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Sampling declining trees </div>
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1. Equipment: pruning hand saw or hatchet, plastic zip-lock bags, permanent marker, gloves, disinfectant (Pine-Sol, 1 oz in 8 oz water), flagging tape and latex paint. </div>
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2. Information on the plastic sampling bag: </div>
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<b>a. Date </b></div>
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<b>b. Your name </b></div>
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<b>c. Name of grove </b></div>
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<b>d. Location of the tree (row, tree number) </b></div>
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<b>e. Cultivar (variety) of avocado. </b></div>
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<b>f. Write the words “Laurel Wilt sample” </b></div>
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3. Take a sapwood sample. The sapwood is the first 2-4 inches of wood just under the bark. Healthy sapwood is white to off-white in color. Unhealthy sapwood has dark brown to bluish to black streaks in the sapwood. </div>
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a. Where on the tree to sample? First look to see where the canopy is showing signs of decline and then look for evidence of beetle holes – try to sample in these areas. </div>
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b. Sampling options </div>
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• Sample by hatchet. The bark of avocado trees can be thick (1/2 to 1 inch or more). The outer bark is rough and greyish colored and the color of the inner bark is pink. Remove the outer and inner bark until you see either dark-stained (streaked) wood. Once sapwood is exposed take chips of the symptomatic (brown-streaked) sapwood and place in the bag for analysis. We need about . cup or so of this wood. </div>
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• Sample by hand-saw. Removing the bark is not necessary. Cut a wedge-shaped (<span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial;"><</span>) piece of wood such that the pointed end extends several inches into the sapwood. We need 1 to 2 pieces. </div>
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c. Paint the wound made by the sampling with a thick coat of latex or oil-based paint to discourage additional beetle infestation. Spray paint will not inhibit beetle boring. </div>
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d. Sanitize the hatchet or hand-saw after each sample to prevent the spread of the disease. Examples of disinfectants include 1) 25% chlorine bleach (3 parts water and 1 part bleach; 2) 25% pine oil cleaner (3 parts water and 1 part pine oil); 3) 50% rubbing alcohol (70% isopropyl; equal parts alcohol and water); 4) 50% denatured ethanol (equal parts alcohol and water); 5) 5% quaternary ammonium salts. There are ammonium chloride based disinfectants (i.e. Green-Shield<span style="font: normal normal normal 8px/normal Arial;">® </span>or KleenGrow™) that are good disinfectants for cleaning tools. Do not mix quaternary ammonia products with bleach. </div>
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e. Take the labeled sample or samples to the TREC Plant Diagnostic Clinic at 18905 S.W. 280 St., Homestead, FL 33031. Please fill-in the sample form sheet at the clinic. The charge is $40.00. </div>
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f. The analysis should be completed within 10 business days of sample delivery. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE287vnDuVDEESbP9JYnMIeN5lSF1Gd6uA5eOp98aC2o70tvJD47KtYiND5AmZjwmxF3kQhlkU3oQpcMtXsrJ-o2pHv-W3LY7HLSbVnM8Tfyn8yur2iR6fUNOYAbSPXFQNpnbPqDeYZj2t/s1600/Screen+Shot+2012-07-06+at+1.56.36+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE287vnDuVDEESbP9JYnMIeN5lSF1Gd6uA5eOp98aC2o70tvJD47KtYiND5AmZjwmxF3kQhlkU3oQpcMtXsrJ-o2pHv-W3LY7HLSbVnM8Tfyn8yur2iR6fUNOYAbSPXFQNpnbPqDeYZj2t/s1600/Screen+Shot+2012-07-06+at+1.56.36+PM.png" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-57580586453519369102012-05-15T12:20:00.001-07:002012-05-15T12:25:17.007-07:00<br />
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<b>Disease Control & Plant Health Strategies in Ornamentals </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/Disease-Control-Plant-Health-Strategies-in-Ornamentals-Seminar.pdf" target="_blank">PDF - Click Here</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.chaseagriculturalconsultingllc.com/" target="_blank">Dr. Ann Chase</a> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Professor Emeritus of Plant Pathology </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">University of Florida, MREC </span></b></div>
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<b><a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_palmateer.shtml" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Dr. Aaron Palmateer </span></a></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">University of Florida, TREC </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><a href="http://www.perennialsolutions.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/home.showpage/pageID/2/index.htm" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Paul Pilon </span></a></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Perennial Solutions Consulting </span></b></div>
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<b>AGENDA: </b></div>
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<b>8:00–8:50 a.m. – Registration </b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>8:50–9:00 a.m. – Introduction (BASF) </b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>9:00–9:30 a.m. – What is Plant Health (BASF) </b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>9:30–10:20 a.m. – Plant Health: Trial Results and Significance to Greenhouse and Nursery Operations – Paul Pilon </b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>10:20-10:30 a.m. – Break </b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>10:30-11:30 a.m. – Ornamental Disease Management & Update – Dr. Ann Chase </b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>11:30-12:30 p.m. - Disease Management in Ornamental Nurseries – Dr. Aaron Palmateer </b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>12:30 p.m. – Lunch - sponsored by BASF </b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>4 REGIONAL SEMINARS OFFERED!!! </b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>June 26, 2012 at the <a href="http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">UF/IFAS Miami-Dade County extension office, Homestead </a></b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>June 27, 2012 at the <a href="http://www.pbcgov.com/coextension/" target="_blank">Palm Beach County UF/IFAS extension office, Palm Beach </a></b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>June 28, 2012 at the <a href="http://gcrec.ifas.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimamua </a></b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>June 29, 2012 at the <a href="http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/" target="_blank">Mid Florida Research and Education Center, Apopka </a></b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>CLICK BELOW FOR FREE REGISTRATION </b></div>
<div style="color: #3600fc; font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>Disease Control & Plant Health Seminar </b></div>
<div style="color: #910091; font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b><a href="http://www.eminj.com/BASF/PageantIntrinsic/Registration.cfm" target="_blank">www.eminj.com/BASF/PageantIntrinsic/Registration.cfm </a></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font: normal normal normal 11.5px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<b>Sponsored By:</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6a49UBdnkG3nQJwLF5O9qSLsWB3bLxclNyfYq8FgeFDAaZEtqZnUbAyn_LetU4gyPT7_lr4Pid9kyi6I7ZLo_mjOMJbpfwrO8Xc7a0ZJPIbFbBv4rn7Ber1KzN0joeHHN6H2l40UvyHqo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2012-05-15+at+3.06.57+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6a49UBdnkG3nQJwLF5O9qSLsWB3bLxclNyfYq8FgeFDAaZEtqZnUbAyn_LetU4gyPT7_lr4Pid9kyi6I7ZLo_mjOMJbpfwrO8Xc7a0ZJPIbFbBv4rn7Ber1KzN0joeHHN6H2l40UvyHqo/s320/Screen+Shot+2012-05-15+at+3.06.57+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-85356024861025231222012-03-30T13:59:00.001-07:002012-03-30T14:00:42.040-07:00Managing downy mildew of impatiens in the nursery and landscape<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd3-iNYgoivi3AnxcJcjN2-z6c8oGXa3TjEnW34snOaPYFsjlXBelM_Ydx7mOmxekQCo597OBKY-QB7oqUEoIthXHa7-iqIKqi7Ht6NRimH7KLF2i7QYulHsa_7Lwv5rKJnVgNfaLUwE9q/s1600/Screen+Shot+2012-03-30+at+4.38.01+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd3-iNYgoivi3AnxcJcjN2-z6c8oGXa3TjEnW34snOaPYFsjlXBelM_Ydx7mOmxekQCo597OBKY-QB7oqUEoIthXHa7-iqIKqi7Ht6NRimH7KLF2i7QYulHsa_7Lwv5rKJnVgNfaLUwE9q/s320/Screen+Shot+2012-03-30+at+4.38.01+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Dr. Aaron Palmateer's<br />
<a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/Palmateer-Downy-Impatiens-2012.pdf" target="_blank">Managing downy mildew of impatiens in the nursery and landscape - PDF - CLICK HERE</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-91344232973318041102012-03-05T12:49:00.001-08:002012-03-05T12:50:59.426-08:00Downy Mildew on Impatiens<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://palmbeachcountyextension.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/img_1203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://palmbeachcountyextension.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/img_1203.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Check out:</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Downy Mildew on Impatiens FactSheet (Stay tuned for new management recommendations)</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>Click Here: </b><a href="http://palmbeachcountyextension.wordpress.com/2012/01/26/downy-mildew-on-impatiens/">http://palmbeachcountyextension.wordpress.com/2012/01/26/downy-mildew-on-impatiens/</a></span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Calibri; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">University of Florida / IFAS Palm Beach County Cooperative Extension Service </span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Calibri; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://palmbeachcountyextension.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Laura Sanagorski, Environmental Horticulture Extension Agent </a> , </span></i><i><a href="mailto:wls@ufl.edu" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Bill Schall, Commercial Horticulture Extension Agent </span></a></i></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-43766417717520230412010-11-27T08:14:00.000-08:002010-11-27T08:59:48.722-08:00Downy mildew of cucurbits: identification and management By Dr. Shouan Zhang UF/IFAS/TREC<link href="file://localhost/Users/imaguire/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0clip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Downy <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">mildew</span> is one of the most economically important <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">disease</span>s of cucurbits, especially in areas with high humidity and rainfall such as South Florida. This disease occurs on cucurbits including cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, squash and watermelon. Downy mildew is an annual disease problem on pumpkin and squash in eastern and central US states for many years. A tremendous breeding effort in the mid-twentieth century resulted in adequate control of this disease in cucumber production without fungicide application. However, downy mildew has become one of the most important diseases in cucumber since 2004. The resurgence of the devastating disease has caused substantial economic losses to cucumber growers, and it continues to be an important disease problem in other cucurbit crops that significantly impacts the cucurbit production. Because the production of cucurbits exists year-round throughout the state of Florida, downy mildew is endemic and occurs nearly every growing season to some degree.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fig. 1 Damage to cucumber plants by downy mildew in the field. <o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
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</span></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Look out for the symptoms</span></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Downy mildew begins as small water-soaked lesions on the underside of leaves. The lesions are usually limited by small leaf veins, giving the lesions an angular appearance. It is caused by an oomycetous pathogen called Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Under high humid conditions, a layer of gray-brown to purplish-black fluffy stuff appears on the underside of the infected leaves. Inspection with a microscope of the presence of the acutely and dichotomously branched sporangiophores (tree-liked structure) bearing lemon-shaped sporangia is characteristic of the downy mildew pathogen. Leaves will turn necrotic and curl upwards within days if the weather condition favors the pathogen. Therefore, scouting for the disease is critical. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Symptoms of downy mildew vary on watermelon and cantaloupe, and the lesions are not always angular and often associated with an upward curling of the leaves. The pathogen of downy mildew does not affect fruits of cucurbit crops. However, it can result in significantly reduced yields and deformation of fruits especially in cucumber. In addition, increased exposure to direct sunlight due to early defoliation causes more sun-scalded fruits in watermelon and winter squash. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fig. 2. Symptoms of downy mildew on upside (left) and underside (right) of cucumber leaves. Note the angular and chlorotic lesions on infected leaves. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Cucurbits_-_Downy_Mildew.htm">http: www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Cucurbits_-_Downy_Mildew.htm</a>)</span></div></td></tr>
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</span></span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11.8056px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The mystery behind downy mildew</span></span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11.8056px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pseudoperonospora cubensis is an obligate parasite that requires live host <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">tissue</span>s in order to survive and reproduce. The pathogen must <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">overwinter</span> in an area that has mild weather in winter season, e.g. South Florida, and where cucurbits are present. The spores are dispersed via wind or splash water to neighboring plants and to other fields by wind or irrigation water. Symptoms appear several days to nearly two weeks after infection. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The pathogen favors cool and moist weather. Therefore, downy mildew is common during winter growing seasons in South Florida. Optimum conditions for sporulation are 15-25°C (59-77°F) with 6 to 12 hours of water film on the leaves such as morning dew. Sometimes temperatures during daytime are not favorable for this pathogen, however, nighttime temperatures may be ideal.</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fig. 3. Symptoms of downy mildew on upside (left) and underside (right) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of butternut squash leaves. Note the gray-brown to purplish-black ‘down’ on the underside of the infected leaves.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fig. 4. Symptoms of downy mildew on leaves of cantaloupe (left) and watermelon (right). Note irregular lesions and turn brown to black in color. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Cucurbits_-_Downy_Mildew.htm">http: www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Cucurbits_-_Downy_Mildew.htm</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Downy mildew management</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Resistant Cultivars</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Host resistance is most economically important and effective component in integrated <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">disease</span> management and should be utilized whenever possible. Resistant cultivars have been developed for cucumbers and cantaloupe, and to a lesser extent for squash and pumpkin. Though downy <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">mildew</span> has been severe on resistant cucumber cultivars in recent years, they are more effective than susceptible cultivars in delaying infection.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Early Detection</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Early detection of downy <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">mildew</span> is critical for preventing cucurbits from the damage of this disease due to its rapid and destructive nature. Many growers lost huge values of cucurbits to downy <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">mildew</span> as they waited until symptoms of the <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">disease</span> were clearly seen before initiating sprays. Following early detection, immediately applying preventative <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">fungicide</span>s is imperative for the control of this destructive foliar <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">disease</span>. A downy mildew forecasting system (<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://cdm.ipmpipe.org/">http://cdm.ipmpipe.org</a>/</span>) has been established to assist cucurbit growers in timing their <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">fungicide</span> applications for maximum benefit. The system documents the disease outbreaks and provides a risk assessment for future outbreaks in regions where cucurbits are grown. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chemical Control</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is unlikely to achieve satisfactory control of downy mildew without the use of fungicides. Many growers heavily rely on fungicides for downy mildew control due to the aggressive and destructive nature of this disease. Both <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">protectant</span> and <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">systemic</span> products should be applied. Fungicides are effective in downy mildew control when applied prior to infection and continually sprayed at 5- to 7-day intervals. Previcur Flex, Tanos, Ranman, Reason, Presidio, Aliette and Quadris are examples of fungicides for control of downy mildew in Florida. The products should be applied in a program to prevent resistance development in the pathogen population by rotating with fungicides of a different mode of action. <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Protective</span> fungicides such as chlorothalonil and mancozeb should be incorporated as mixing partners. All fungicides should be applied according to the manufacturer's label. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/images/faculty-new/ShouanZhang%20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/images/faculty-new/ShouanZhang%20.jpg" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_shouan_zhang.shtml"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shouan Zhang</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> is a vegetable plant pathologist based at the <a href="http://ifas.ufl.edu/">IFAS</a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_641580892">Tropical Research</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and Education Center,</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/">University of Florida</a> in Homestead, FL. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">He can be reached at:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">EMAIL</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">: <a href="mailto:szhang0007@ufl.edu">szhang0007@ufl.edu</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PH:</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (305)246-7001 ext. 213.</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-83480804463200326952010-10-26T04:17:00.000-07:002010-10-27T12:00:27.415-07:00Bacterial blight of Ficus Caused by Xanthomonas<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Species of Ficus are common tropical foliage plants used for interior decoration and in landscapes throughout warm climates such as South Florida. <i>Ficus</i> species used as foliage plants include <i>F. altissima, F. benjamina, F. binnedijkii, F. elastica, F. lyrata, F. microcarpa, F. pumila, F. retusa</i>, and <i>F. rubiginosa</i> among others . </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Florida has led </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">the nation in the production of foliage plants, accounting for more than 55% of the national wholesale value since the 1960s </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Chen, J., R.J. Henny, and D.B. McConnell. 2002)</span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoTYhcNXhXgf7ibS_O_LcPYQpy6OSMtGB6jr8Hg6fqPwyLM3R0yEn8pRe9LRlzJIFueB6JycidahdLpuatQx-dUdht4PTRzbMR1Nzr2eppO5CMjbdElv5vAXTCjZ9k2rpNn4E2lYIx2a2e/s1600/nursery+view.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532485307015848274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoTYhcNXhXgf7ibS_O_LcPYQpy6OSMtGB6jr8Hg6fqPwyLM3R0yEn8pRe9LRlzJIFueB6JycidahdLpuatQx-dUdht4PTRzbMR1Nzr2eppO5CMjbdElv5vAXTCjZ9k2rpNn4E2lYIx2a2e/s320/nursery+view.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 282px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 418px;" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hot, humid, and rainy conditions (typical summer in South FL) are highly favorable conditions for plant disease. <i>Xanthomonas </i>is a bacterial plant pathogen that thrives under these conditions and is spread very effectively in water, especially windblown rain. Once cells of the bacterium come into contact with the plant they enter through wounds or natural openings such as stomata or hydathodes. Once inside the plant they can move systemically causing a severe blight of the leaves.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Xanthomonas campestris</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> pathovar <i>fici</i> is reported to be the causal agent of bacterial blight affecting species of <i>Ficus. </i>Host studies indicate that several <i>Ficus</i> species and cultivars are susceptible including <i>F. benjamina</i> , <i>F. buxifolia, F. triangularis</i>, <i>F. mexicana</i>, <i>F. maclellandii</i> ‘Alli’, <i>F. retusa</i> ‘California Nitida” and <i>‘Green Gem’</i> and<i> F. Grennisland</i> (Chase and Henley 1993)</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: CourierPS; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Symptoms:</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: CourierPS; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">On young plants initial symptoms appear as small, water soaked, circular lesions with irregular borders near the leaf margin (Fig 1)</span><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvDoHoxIfG9HWqNYO3rKpTmwQRG7eXGes19v1Hlhl0_vTvhTmplPPz3hH89iWZvGEeQn78-PpHPS7C3atIxMTncCwa0fzysY_kOLzKB1eYL0af2MIkRe7nvTmS2dj1l5I9rRpOedaOhTUK/s1600/1.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532482971262959330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvDoHoxIfG9HWqNYO3rKpTmwQRG7eXGes19v1Hlhl0_vTvhTmplPPz3hH89iWZvGEeQn78-PpHPS7C3atIxMTncCwa0fzysY_kOLzKB1eYL0af2MIkRe7nvTmS2dj1l5I9rRpOedaOhTUK/s320/1.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 217px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 210px;" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After 7 to 14 days of initial infection, lesions enlarge, coalesce and typically cover large portions of the leaf area (Fig 2)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBflqTN2BBzQ_fjRsNE2RH_balrutEHBfiCeV54hViPBLCeNeOS0m1Ct3bzYJ4TZ0VtOedfoTmOxLUczOnkTU19tq6t6KpjF_f1H8kjwXI7pY2bHI9kIIPeFnZPZwWtml1Io4wLVeV7qA8/s1600/2.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532483178775019554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBflqTN2BBzQ_fjRsNE2RH_balrutEHBfiCeV54hViPBLCeNeOS0m1Ct3bzYJ4TZ0VtOedfoTmOxLUczOnkTU19tq6t6KpjF_f1H8kjwXI7pY2bHI9kIIPeFnZPZwWtml1Io4wLVeV7qA8/s320/2.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 229px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 207px;" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Premature senescence and leaf drop is common. When young plants (liner stage) become infected the disease can be fatal (Fig 3)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig2dXjC-fcvQAtUDmmqhIo1FfvlSme2bue0K2B5y2jBr52GgDSTZAYIoOkq300JI9kuwI_Zsn9psZPyuEgrODnUopI1NxOMxP-UsuheMH-TDcE2YYA3ly0pPlAU_FjXxjlx1kKT5uS3-GC/s1600/3.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532483555573172642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig2dXjC-fcvQAtUDmmqhIo1FfvlSme2bue0K2B5y2jBr52GgDSTZAYIoOkq300JI9kuwI_Zsn9psZPyuEgrODnUopI1NxOMxP-UsuheMH-TDcE2YYA3ly0pPlAU_FjXxjlx1kKT5uS3-GC/s320/3.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 222px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 230px;" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Older plants can also become infected and show a range of symptoms. Spots on the upper surface of leaves are brownish-black with a chlorotic halo (Fig 4) and leaf tissue appears water soaked on the opposite side (Fig 5)</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSkKO-ipSjzYVH44_dcWi2FqXXVF6q1Kdi3ynX5FuAk6ZFfrojUnUMphYqIBS9zmcRjfnO-lwT2l5CYxms2cIPAMx7wuEPD0cfsTkntgAEgGrpcnUfxcCl3u2jbJ8aZrLqtkPvpHjd4W3/s1600/4+an+5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532485684868885186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSkKO-ipSjzYVH44_dcWi2FqXXVF6q1Kdi3ynX5FuAk6ZFfrojUnUMphYqIBS9zmcRjfnO-lwT2l5CYxms2cIPAMx7wuEPD0cfsTkntgAEgGrpcnUfxcCl3u2jbJ8aZrLqtkPvpHjd4W3/s320/4+an+5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 222px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: CourierPS; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Management:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Be certain to monitor irrigation and avoid watering late in the day or evenings. If using overhead irrigation water in the morning, so that the foliage has time to dry before evening. Allowing the foliage to dry will reduce spread of the bacteria. Using micro jet or drip irrigation minimizes moisture on the foliage and reduces Be sure to surface disinfest all pruning tools. Good sanitation is crucial for managing bacterial pathogens. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_360195453"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_360195453"><br />
</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">As a preventative measure apply one of the following labeled pesticides according to the manufacturer. If copper based fungicides have never been used be certain to test on a small number of plants before applying to the entire crop. Be careful to use appropriate rates of copper compounds, with water at pH 6.0 or 6.5, since copper toxicity symptoms can look similar to those caused by the bacteria.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSkKO-ipSjzYVH44_dcWi2FqXXVF6q1Kdi3ynX5FuAk6ZFfrojUnUMphYqIBS9zmcRjfnO-lwT2l5CYxms2cIPAMx7wuEPD0cfsTkntgAEgGrpcnUfxcCl3u2jbJ8aZrLqtkPvpHjd4W3/s1600/4+an+5.jpg"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSkKO-ipSjzYVH44_dcWi2FqXXVF6q1Kdi3ynX5FuAk6ZFfrojUnUMphYqIBS9zmcRjfnO-lwT2l5CYxms2cIPAMx7wuEPD0cfsTkntgAEgGrpcnUfxcCl3u2jbJ8aZrLqtkPvpHjd4W3/s1600/4+an+5.jpg"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSkKO-ipSjzYVH44_dcWi2FqXXVF6q1Kdi3ynX5FuAk6ZFfrojUnUMphYqIBS9zmcRjfnO-lwT2l5CYxms2cIPAMx7wuEPD0cfsTkntgAEgGrpcnUfxcCl3u2jbJ8aZrLqtkPvpHjd4W3/s1600/4+an+5.jpg"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP3StM8xBsOiZ1bmqmA5uW_mz36Bwhw-0OvrQ2rro8LCwEfC2-ySTQknudD52wm17tD1avrWt7ukvVIF7cfa2Sn-lpZJYHE7-MaeEf3sxR3q2dSzTBWrBs0NrbWoQiqv1xghmKZoENafTc/s1600/Table+Mgnta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP3StM8xBsOiZ1bmqmA5uW_mz36Bwhw-0OvrQ2rro8LCwEfC2-ySTQknudD52wm17tD1avrWt7ukvVIF7cfa2Sn-lpZJYHE7-MaeEf3sxR3q2dSzTBWrBs0NrbWoQiqv1xghmKZoENafTc/s640/Table+Mgnta.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: CourierPS; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: CourierPS; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Current Research:</span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">The current Xanthomonas outbreak on Ficus elastica has negatively affected many tropical foliage nurseries throughout Miami-Dade County. Plant losses are reported to be in the hundreds of thousands, so this is most definitely becoming an economically important disease.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDnPNmLti_Re655Ol0KCD01_pOihKbxz8yU4kmTYzi0gGzzviWyMlTYUEuOLnocmnFxTcMxHZuOB1ZLBXqG6c-_1C3u6XVgKNV0LEHLrXSP7RUuo5bABWzPabRbYFCNZHBg1x5afiDateJ/s1600/Ficus+on+nursery.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532484632749446882" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDnPNmLti_Re655Ol0KCD01_pOihKbxz8yU4kmTYzi0gGzzviWyMlTYUEuOLnocmnFxTcMxHZuOB1ZLBXqG6c-_1C3u6XVgKNV0LEHLrXSP7RUuo5bABWzPabRbYFCNZHBg1x5afiDateJ/s320/Ficus+on+nursery.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 240px; width: 358px;" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Palmateer lab is currently conducting research to 1) determine if <i>Xanthomonas</i> isolates from Ficus elastica are different from those previously reported to cause disease on other <i>Ficus</i> species; 2) conduct host range trials to see if other (i.e. <i>Strelitzia</i> spp., <i>Ficus</i> spp., <i>Cordyline</i> sp., <i>Anthurium</i> sp., <i>Syngonium</i> sp., and Dieffenbachia) popular foliage plants are susceptible; 3) evaluate the impact of temperature and light on disease; and 4) conduct bactericide efficacy trials.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFgwkLXiKX8ra1t_MEpY8Heo2uQsECOXXEIcXQGdAZpQp-hna_PqAbJNPTbR9U8RLvmSweiPfZSUzaY9sNsYnf2J1NS7-OyLVuwvWUAu6kI0iv9Vj75v7tcA5tEqNhrZOPU-5m2jm38aKa/s1600/Blog+Ficus+host+range.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532491905693619698" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFgwkLXiKX8ra1t_MEpY8Heo2uQsECOXXEIcXQGdAZpQp-hna_PqAbJNPTbR9U8RLvmSweiPfZSUzaY9sNsYnf2J1NS7-OyLVuwvWUAu6kI0iv9Vj75v7tcA5tEqNhrZOPU-5m2jm38aKa/s320/Blog+Ficus+host+range.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 509px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 394px;" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAjAlx8xzhVISKa92P6Jr3xXmR42txSFIbVp_LIPCFDg9CsYmGgUOx8_czlbYuoie71kyon0aPROyLH0K6qIosc25xgcQlWwS1LhdXTHyvz44FBZLM6pPzfxpGedTtgcuvtPnsAL4tv6QP/s1600/Ficusito.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532477761989131058" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAjAlx8xzhVISKa92P6Jr3xXmR42txSFIbVp_LIPCFDg9CsYmGgUOx8_czlbYuoie71kyon0aPROyLH0K6qIosc25xgcQlWwS1LhdXTHyvz44FBZLM6pPzfxpGedTtgcuvtPnsAL4tv6QP/s320/Ficusito.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 174px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 221px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><o:p></o:p>Aaron Palmateerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04300636345554825342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-64679283733074156642010-08-05T11:21:00.000-07:002010-08-05T12:39:08.883-07:00Phytophthora diseases of ornamentalsThe plant pathogen <i>Phytophthora </i>attacks all parts of the host plants, causing root and crown rots, and foliar and stem blights. Many <i>Phytopthora</i> species are pathogens on hundreds of hosts, including many important ornamentals. <i>Phytophther</i><i>a infestans</i> caused the great Irish potato famine in the 1840's, which resulted in the death of 1.5 million people, and the immigration of another million to the United States. Once established in a nursery or landscape, it can be difficult to manage.<br /><br />Common diseases of ornamentals caused by <span style="font-style: italic;">Phytophthora</span> spp. in south Florida include stem and leaf blight of English ivy; root, stem and leaf blight of pothos and peperomia; root, crown and leaf blight of spathiphyllum; stem rot of dieffenbachia; foliar blight and root rot on anthurium and mandevilla; and root and crown rot of liriope.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Symptoms and Signs</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUpVRcBFXKVozXRi68pv1Tjrg3BWgAtOyxddZop10XF00zCwRR_ghvzhGJ_MLXe7YO4Ws-QyT1n8F8MScVq3jRyosyjq4jybcLW7njTsJjjwOEnvdUwAjW6mL9oXu52_BSLU1yBku-rJic/s1600/pothos"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 287px; height: 191px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUpVRcBFXKVozXRi68pv1Tjrg3BWgAtOyxddZop10XF00zCwRR_ghvzhGJ_MLXe7YO4Ws-QyT1n8F8MScVq3jRyosyjq4jybcLW7njTsJjjwOEnvdUwAjW6mL9oXu52_BSLU1yBku-rJic/s320/pothos" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5501999461860029298" border="0" /></a><br />Foliar symptoms of root and crown rots resemble those of nutritional deficiencies or overwatering, and include chlorosis, wilting, and defoliation. The plant canopy fails to thrive, indicating a problem with the root system of the plant. The root system itself may be stunted, with areas of brown and reddish necrosis, especially on feeder roots. The root cortex sloughs off easily, leaving the root stele.<br /><br /><i>Phytophthora</i> also causes stem and foliar blights. These are irregular areas of necrosis on the <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi15iMiqfu00Di2gXxb_fSI8lpMSQoQzOhyz1g5ufpZ6qbUEss-vW0DZ1UrVXzPEQ-a9NLJd0TOb0csK87ntVsWd2FN7If-aikwG2wLSBU2zWLTbRQQ_uXIEjE3rEUItTXE2kX5wBtHx60a/s1600/pothos+stem+blight"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 284px; height: 190px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi15iMiqfu00Di2gXxb_fSI8lpMSQoQzOhyz1g5ufpZ6qbUEss-vW0DZ1UrVXzPEQ-a9NLJd0TOb0csK87ntVsWd2FN7If-aikwG2wLSBU2zWLTbRQQ_uXIEjE3rEUItTXE2kX5wBtHx60a/s320/pothos+stem+blight" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5501999468190489938" border="0" /></a>stems and leaves that often are black and can cover large parts of the canopy. Phytophthora foliar blight can be distinguished from Rhizoctonia blight by the absence of mycelia, although heavy production of sporangia can be seen in necrotic areas in white patches. Symptoms of stem blights and crown rots can be seen on the right. <i>Phytophthora</i> also causes cankers and root rots on several large tree species.<br /><br /><div> </div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Causal Agent</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEq7dfHxLlA5xG3-DBB-n0Jk9F7yirLazT_yiFavaISjlUe0JkOrEGP58CIomVKC9U1vgi9eZ2u_gyMtiXgXGxJA8B1AwKNsV1MnTCfXnakTRF-MlNJKuHd-63aYIcaTRflKbTe-5i31YR/s1600/palm+rot"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 284px; height: 189px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEq7dfHxLlA5xG3-DBB-n0Jk9F7yirLazT_yiFavaISjlUe0JkOrEGP58CIomVKC9U1vgi9eZ2u_gyMtiXgXGxJA8B1AwKNsV1MnTCfXnakTRF-MlNJKuHd-63aYIcaTRflKbTe-5i31YR/s320/palm+rot" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5501999461135481778" border="0" /></a><br />Although <i>Phytophthora </i>resembles a fungus, producing hyphae and spores, it is actually an oomycete and not in the Kingdom Fungi at all. It belongs to the stramenopiles, a group of protists that also contains diatoms and brown algae. Other plant pathogenic oomycetes are <i>Pythium</i> and the downy mildews (<i>Peronospora</i>, <i>Plasmopora</i>). </div><div> </div>Like fungi, <i>Phytophthora</i> has an asexual and sexual stage. The genus produces lemon-shaped asexual sporangia that can wither serve as new inoculum or produce zoospores. These zoospores have a tail, called <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiviIlYvhyphenhyphenA80J59ViIpOkVHfKZuDfcPPW0sjRo9hshTZ7ywt9VClJs8EURe-cz31TxEEekJJmo4Z6CtsCBniPvlXXKqDKV6TL76CYc417FcWhJWeOKFFByjS6Rd5Sa0LEVdEWY9bEzVVhL/s1600/crown+rot"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 284px; height: 190px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiviIlYvhyphenhyphenA80J59ViIpOkVHfKZuDfcPPW0sjRo9hshTZ7ywt9VClJs8EURe-cz31TxEEekJJmo4Z6CtsCBniPvlXXKqDKV6TL76CYc417FcWhJWeOKFFByjS6Rd5Sa0LEVdEWY9bEzVVhL/s320/crown+rot" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5501999453796598722" border="0" /></a>a flagellum, that they use like a whip to propel it through a film of water. Zoospores spread disease by swimming from infected to healthy tissue. See below left for pictures of an intact sporangium and one that is expelling its zoospores.<br />Under certain conditions, <i>Phytophthora</i> will undergo sexual reproduction and produce a round, thick-walled oospore. These spores can survive harsh weather conditions and so allow pathogen survival through unfavorable seasons, making Phytophthora diseases a perennial problem.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbqgE9I9x0KNNBYyT3vRvTjqWJ-SskiX2ZiuouL8wN0IzldUhI-JoMZhvSy1Y-Q44pS5Jx_NnxlKO1yvmHdPDuUJsYfuVxxsLaKFFgB6h_yf2ShNyniLnSmA5rAeTYzKxB13CbZ3B0fEJ3/s1600/sporangia.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 193px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbqgE9I9x0KNNBYyT3vRvTjqWJ-SskiX2ZiuouL8wN0IzldUhI-JoMZhvSy1Y-Q44pS5Jx_NnxlKO1yvmHdPDuUJsYfuVxxsLaKFFgB6h_yf2ShNyniLnSmA5rAeTYzKxB13CbZ3B0fEJ3/s320/sporangia.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5502009810625405458" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">Disease cycle and epidem</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">iology</span><br /><i>Phytophthora</i> survives dry, unfavorable weather in infected tissue or soil as oospores or another thick-walled spore called a chlamydospore. These spores germinate when weather is favorable for disease development and produce sporangia that in turn produce zoospores. The zoospores swim through films of water on the host and soil and infect susceptible hosts. In general, cool, wet weather favors disease development, although<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzW6ekHSU0LmEKIVsVTyApj8yrToZ-t4bRzdazuW2dSZM2qOtoo5pfs4GRUSzhaOK8nPDqKMkOEz0mkcim5WuXOiYC2kLS5gREWVnjO2c8FrkZNVddNS7VNqeNqP3WZ4GrhPXzFMYumft5/s1600/sporangia+with+zoospores.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 202px; height: 190px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzW6ekHSU0LmEKIVsVTyApj8yrToZ-t4bRzdazuW2dSZM2qOtoo5pfs4GRUSzhaOK8nPDqKMkOEz0mkcim5WuXOiYC2kLS5gREWVnjO2c8FrkZNVddNS7VNqeNqP3WZ4GrhPXzFMYumft5/s320/sporangia+with+zoospores.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5502009804369508306" border="0" /></a> some species are more active at warmer temperatures.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Disease management</span><br />Sanitation is important in managing Phytophthora disease, because once a soil is infested with the pathogen, it can be very difficult to get rid of. All nursery stock should be inspected for symptoms before planting and pathogen-free soil should be used. Disinfect used pots and tools with a 10% bleach solution. Alternatively, soil, tools and pots can be sterilized with steam treatments.<br /><br />Do not over water plants, as the disease is favored by wet conditions. Overhead irrigation encourages development of foliar blight by splashing spores within water droplets, and providing films of water on the foliage that the zoospores can swim through. Keeping foliage dry can limit the development of foliar blights.<br /><br />If Phytophthora is a recurring problem, plants should be regularly scouted for disease symptoms. Diseased plants should be rogued and destroyed so as not to increase inoculum loads. In areas of the landscape infested with <i>Phytophthora</i>, only species that are not susceptible should be planted.<br /><br />Several fungicides are available for control of <i>Phytophthora</i>. These may be applied according to the manufacturer label as part of an integrated approach that also follows the cultural practices outlined above.Tara Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06493798016469833779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-22622348360715404072010-05-11T13:06:00.001-07:002010-05-14T06:57:36.224-07:00Disease of the month: Two new Bipolaris diseases in South Florida<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/orlkq6gpjiq8zLTDdgysOA?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixrawf4LFZfdu5L8ts717pN-ju9Ubkm0Si1TSRKm7g0RRj1gr9OjTMgkfti22VlrePCcTMsRtt_EATjWwQK2WNae2R456cEAEnUK6q7J9B78hhJ84y36IiRDUh3OrOZSsJZ1VXHwqhxbFf/s400/IMG_2549.JPG" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/DragonFruitPitayaProject?feat=embedwebsite">Dragon Fruit/Pitaya Project</a></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bipolaris fruit rot of pitaya</span></span><br />Pitaya (<i>Hylocereus undatus</i>), or strawberry pear, is a crop that is gaining importance in south Florida. It is commonly grown as a backyard ornamental for its fleshy, sweet fruit, and is also grown commercially on an increasing amount of acreage. Recently, rotten pitaya fruit from several commercial growers and back yard plantings have been submitted to the diagnostic clinic. This rot begins as small tan, circular lesions on the fruit surface and as the diseases progresses the lesions enlarge and turn black. Usually a black felt-like growth of the fungus can be observed on the lesions. Under ideal conditions (warm and humid), the fruit develop large areas of soft rot.<br /><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/tGdl0VGbwalCPVjs0mfagg?feat=embedwebsite" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRgew-L0dOZw1CPJJU_Y9oNCS9-zYqjNU58LhtjUah8yzerJYfs9xB7R7Ts4WKrTfjC-xRMmqzFun-RlbfD4qBf_2VmIAcA5-sM4mQ3CMdZu5ezundk_JcsVLOKRgfgxzhGa4V6jrIaCt/s400/IMG_1802.JPG" /></a><span style="font-size:small;"><br /><b>Causal Agent.</b></span><br />The lesions are caused by a fungus, <i>Bipolaris cactivora</i>. This species causes stem rot of cacti in California, Florida, and Europe, and causes a fruit rot on pitahaya in Japan. The fungus is easy to culture and produces black, felted colonies on PDA. Conidia are pale to medium golden brown and curved to straight, with 2-3 pseudosepta (the septations do not extend the entire width of the spores). <i>Bipolaris </i>is among several genera that were formally classified as <i>Helminthosporium</i>, a group of pathogens that cause a variety of leaf spots on ornamental plants, especially on grasses.<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/4JfY2CPJNxU2lLJ-gHkijA?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5rXN3A476kbBs97vweQEqcFjKqZC1lQL0HQiMfgRw230Qw82b4tppECzndhhk7gsCvNupdQiJa3G9dpwJgKwgNqnXnmDoahG0Za1W7q3z9cFkI8gGrYM9p3kX6TvElLn2DyZUsV7XT5D/s144/conidia.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/CordylineProject?feat=embedwebsite">Cordyline Project</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b><br />Disease Cycle and Epidemiology.</b><br />The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are susceptible to <i>B. cactivora</i>, mature stems are relatively resistant to infection. Small tan lesions were produced by inoculating mature, wounded stems, but the lesions did not grow larger than 5mm. In the field, flowers also exhibit lesions with dark sporulation, and may serve as an inoculum source for developing fruits. While smaller lesions are seen on green fruit, rapid lesion growth and disease development occurs on ripe fruit after harvest.<br /><br />Although the epidemiology of the disease on pitaya fruit has not been studied, Bipolaris rot on ornamental cactus is most severe between 75-91 F. In general, diseases caused by <i>Bipolaris</i> are favored by humid conditions. Inoculum sources include diseased plants in the field and crop residue. Conidia are most often spread by wind, irrigation and rain.<br /><br /><b>Management.</b><br />Currently there are no fungicide labeled for use on pitaya in Florida. Cultural management includes limiting canopy wetness by irrigating in the morning so plant surfaces can dry quickly throughout the day. Maintain a weed free planting and remove and discard of diseased plants (i.e. stems, fruits, and flowers) promptly when symptoms occur.<br /><br /><table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/4Va41i99b2mPls43li30iw?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUZr5eUqvp1y97jbqrPiEqSDLdDUIu9-EYFO74IjwPieMipKwvzYiB2iH7L2SOu-o8r9BlYwkI4_A13wHeemK0zqKyBl-zvWoul4fNFCExJVnhR0yRkHBlFB820IEwtutuDD53opmvryW/s288/IMG_1869wtmk.JPG" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;"><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/09596?feat=embedwebsite"><br /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><b><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">Bipolaris leaf spot of cordyline</span></b><br /><br />Cordyline is a popular ornamental plant in South Florida landscapes. Last summer several cordyline samples were submitted to the clinic with elongated tan lesions with a red margin. Black sporulation was visible in the center of the lesions using a dissecting microscope. <table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/o-zIrWWpKmFXwoeL_PmqEg?feat=embedwebsite"><img style="width: 186px; height: 149px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8EOf-KpjSWyicm9BBmWzbtdKiIlzYzo0NJSYzjZen5nDEmrI2mIm5QyvxHJcRG5js6TVSKXasFXYXGDikkb_dRc9NOjXFzWQmBLnXXgrJOPwq7VhDDD09JDqB67WA8fZC5zM7PhxzKObF/s288/demataceous_cordyline_10_22_090011.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/CordylineProject?feat=embedwebsite">Cordyline Project</a></td></tr></tbody></table>At greater magnification, these spores were identified as a <i>Bipolaris</i> species. Spores produced in the lab were inoculated on healthy cordyline plants, and after one week of incubation the same lesion symptoms occured, and the <i>Bipolaris </i>species was recovered from the new lesions. This demonstrated that the <i>Bipolaris</i> species was causing the disease.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br />The <i>Bipolaris </i>sp. causing this new leaf spot produces dark brown, felted colonies on PDA. Like <i>B. cactivora</i>, conidia are pale to medium golden brown, and are curved with 3-8 pseudosepta. We are currently working to identify the species name of this pathogen.<br /><br />We are just beginning to investigate the epidemiology of this disease. Currently we are characterizing tolerance/resistance to Bipolaris leaf spot in different cordyline varieties, as well as the effect of temperature on disease development.<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/tPnt0A-Kk3gM9ZE-b5IN1g?feat=embedwebsite"><img style="width: 174px; height: 117px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVlIbPyQHSZyBADwFxvR1XHM0m4L0hv3xUkYQR5tk7ldzzifDAnHB6p_O2WkLHrMONjNGvgy-CD1x3QeTTEL4EUP2JCo73ZPpVZpJ4SFd5xz9sxHImt1BpZ_ux9WYCsdayLpbCPlJC76d1/s144/IMG_1872wtmk.JPG" /></a><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/K7FJatNoKwxSCBYuHAOHcA?feat=embedwebsite"><img style="width: 128px; height: 189px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2TQrg29BBKTl6opqM-uzxAiORrnPgCP60Qq0c94eF7Lp7DwlU-PJM9VRxtHMke9cIA_AYRXYzVUN_erdIbg9TqU5EtDPfP3DfZhTTpDtD-M5m5Am1ahmvB8Bn7TO6WIuCqhtXNIIXrNlJ/s144/IMG_8933.JPG" /></a><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/D8yMWuX8F9FLHO1iWqqusQ?feat=embedwebsite"><img style="width: 167px; height: 112px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3WyJC3QN14mrONjW2pgTQ5Dpun9y2jIGWccmkLB2Y4oJUXpE_7affVoVm49z-Wz1TBZhULVKXjP2-IV0R_V7JB5xu6w-wUBVSGpttAYKukiZObtxo_bSS8L0TMX9wzED0VERtxhumm40l/s144/IMG_8925.JPG" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;"><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/09596?feat=embedwebsite"><br /></a></td></tr></tbody></table>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-87104545471179042182010-02-01T10:09:00.000-08:002010-02-11T06:57:12.543-08:00Managing cold damage* <a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/doc/extension2010/ManagementTipsforCold-Damaged-Ornament.pdf">02/11/10: Another recent publication on cold damage - Click Here</a><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/RxgaKwxD3sKdetX2mM1iiA?feat=embedwebsite" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy_DBto_ky5TP1kzcykNMl0h8-gnovzXH0xe7uR9XN2fTc1MqfLxvCol-HcN1MTO-Ck72DVyivPRbu20z5FuPbm42GyFOOgz-Ae0Ax_18zZhbDd4k-dVXF9leCisjt_MUWnuI88iiWcmL2/s400/dieffenbachia-cold-damage-before-after.jpg" /></a>After the cold snap over the holidays, there is a lot of concern about cold damage to plants in the landscape. To the left are pictures of a Dieffenbachia we left in our shadehouse before and after. As you can see, it didn't fair too well...<br />
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Just driving around the Redlands, widespread damage is apparent. A follow-up blog post about how to manage existing damage seemed timely, as many of you probably have questions about how to help your plants recover. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
While damage done to foliage by cold temperatures is easy to spot because these leaves die and eventually drop off, the full extent of injury to trees and shrubs will not be evident until new growth begins. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Pruning</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Dead foliage is unsightly, and the first instinct is to prune out all branches with dead foliage immediately. But it is better to wait until spring to do any heavy pruning because you can use the pattern of new growth to determine which parts of plants are still viable. Pruning too early can lead to cutting back branches that may recover, and leaving other branches that will continue to dieback. The best course of action is to delay pruning until new growth begins. In the meantime, dead leaves may be removed or left to fall off naturally. When pruning in the spring, make sure to make cuts into living tissue just behind where dead wood is present. You can tell where the boundary between dead and living tissue is by where new buds are growing, or you can scrape the bark gently with a knife. Live tissue is green where dead tissue is brown or black.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Watering/ Fertilizing</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">While watering right after a freeze can help warm the soil, overwatering may decrease oxygen levels and encourage root diseases. If leaf canopies have been severely reduced, water requirements will be lower. Careful monitoring of soil moisture and judicious irrigation will benefit the plant until the plants regrow their foliage. Depending on the host, fertilizing trees and shrubs right after a freeze may encourage the growth of suckers and water sprouts, which may make reshaping plants difficult.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Sunburn</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">If sever defoliation occurs, direct sun exposure can cause sunburn on exposed twigs and branches. Whitewashing affected bark can protect it until foliage returns. A water-diluted of white latex paint can be sprayed or painted on defoliated branches.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Disease management</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">As warmer weather returns, damaged areas of the plants are highly susceptible to fungal and bacterial pathogens. A preventative spray of a copper fungicide applied according to the manufacturer label may help protect damaged plants from diseases.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Managing cold damage in palms</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Cold injury to palms often takes a long time to appear, from many months up to one year. Often only the bud remains alive, and damage to the trunk can restrict water movement for years to come. To assess the full damage to palms, monitor emerging leaves in the spring and summer. If they appear brown or deformed, this may indicate damage to the bud, which the tree usually grows out of as the season progresses. Damage to the trunk manifests as a sudden collapse of leaves during the first periods of warm weather, due to reduced capacity for water to reach those leaves. If severe trunk damage occurs, then death of the palm is inevitable. To manage diseases on damaged palms, prune leaves that are completely dead apply copper fungicide according to the product label. Applying foliar fertilizer to the leaves can help new growth and recovery of injured palms in the warmer season.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">For more information on cold damage in palms see:</div><ul><li><a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg318">ENH-92: Treating Cold-Damaged Palms. 2003. Alan W. Meerow.</a></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b>Managing cold damage to turf</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Cold-damaged turf initially appears wilted and water-soaked, and eventually turns dark brown. Zoysiagrass and bermudagrass are more cold tolerant, while carpet grass and St. Augustinegrass are least tolerant to cold temperatures. Factors that contribute to cold damage include poor drainage, shade, close mowing height, excessive fertilization in the fall, and the buildup of thatch. Driving or walking on frozen turf will increase damage. Cold damage can resemble drought stress, and can lead to overwatering which in turn can encourage root stress and disease. Dormant turf needs less water, and so normal irrigation practices should be followed.</div><br />
Further information on cold damage on turf can be found in:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/lh067">ENH80: Low Temperature Damage to Turf. 2000. L.E. Trenholm.</a></li>
</ul><br />
Listed <b>below</b> are several other useful publication on cold damage to plants. You can also visit our <a href="http://trecclinic.blogspot.com/2010/01/abiotic-stress-cold-weather-damage.html">last blog post</a> about cold damage for further information, photos, and links to extension publications:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://okeechobee.ifas.ufl.edu/News%20columns/Frost.Damage.htm">Dealing with Frost Damage. Dan Culbert. IFAS Extension feature article. February 27, 2007.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://news.ucanr.org/newsstorymain.cfm?story=917">Frost damaged plants may need pruning, but wait until spring. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources News and Information Outreach. Jan 22, 2007.</a><br />
</li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-20167103506549793692010-01-12T08:04:00.000-08:002010-01-13T06:55:11.259-08:00Abiotic Stress: Cold Weather Damage<span class="Apple-style-span" style=";font-family:Times;font-size:medium;" ><div style="margin: 6px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 1100px; counter-reset: __goog_page__ 0; line-height: normal;font-family:Verdana;font-size:10pt;"><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Abiotic plant disorders are nonbiological factors, usually associated with the plant's environment, that affect plants adversely. Important environmental factors include temperature, moisture, soil pH, air quality, light regime, and plant nutrition. If one or more of these factors goes above or below the optimum range for a given plant species, plant growth might be abnormal or adversely affected. Abiotic disorders may also be caused by human activities, such as pesticide and fertilizer applications.</span></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The biggest problem affecting plants growing in south Florida this month is COLD temperature. There are a lot of tropical plants in south Florida that can be</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></span> <!--EndFragment--><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">severely damaged or killed by cold weather. Sometimes it doesn't even matter how cold the temperature gets, but the change in temperature that can be damaging. This even applies to watering with cold temperature on a hot day. The surface of a leaf in full sun can get very hot, so when you irrigate with water that is much colder (i.e. 40 degrees), the rapid change in temperature can damage plant cells. Refer to the previous blog post (i.e. mesophyll cell collapse) for further information.</span></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Anytime there is a threat of cold weather in south Florida, one needs to take precautionary measures to protect subtropical and tropical plants from exposure. The easiest and likely most common way to guard landscape and garden plants against frost is to use some type of covering. Old blankets, sheets, towels and strips of plastic mulch all seem to work fine. When covering plants, drape them loosely and secure the covering to prevent it from blowing off. Rope ties and stakes, rocks, or bricks are items that can be used. Lighter material like plastics and sheets can be placed directly over the plants, but be careful with heavier covers that may crush plants due to the weight. It’s best to cover plants late in the afternoon or early evening before the onset of freezing temperatures and then to remove the covers late morning when the sun is out and the temperature is above freezing. Plants should be well watered the day before a frost or freezing temperature is predicted. Research has shown that wet soil holds more heat than soil that is dry. The best way to know what type of precautionary measure you should take for your plants is knowing their individual needs. The more you know the better off they will be.<br /></span><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Links to additional information on cold damage:</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Cold Protection on ornamental plants:</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg025"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg025</span></a></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Cold protection tool kit:</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/tools/coldp/evaporative_cooling.php"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/tools/coldp/evaporative_cooling.php</span></a></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Low temperature damage to turf:</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/lh067"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/lh067</span></a></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Cold protection methods:</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://www.plantstress.com/Articles/cold_m/cold%20protection.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">http://www.plantstress.com/Articles/cold_m/cold%20protection.pdf</span></a></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">What to do after a freeze:</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/doc/extension2010/What-to-do-after-the-freeze-for-trees-in-the-home-landscape-2010.pdf">http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/doc/extension2010/What-to-do-after-the-freeze-for-trees-in-the-home-landscape-2010.pdf</a></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Photos of cold damage:</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://picasaweb.google.com/s/c/bin/slideshow.swf" flashvars="host=picasaweb.google.com&captions=1&hl=en_US&feat=flashalbum&RGB=0x000000&feed=http%3A%2F%2Fpicasaweb.google.com%2Fdata%2Ffeed%2Fapi%2Fuser%2Ftrecclinic%2Falbumid%2F5425888293628728001%3Falt%3Drss%26kind%3Dphoto%26hl%3Den_US" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" height="267" width="400"></embed></div></div></span>Aaron Palmateerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04300636345554825342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-24434466275328054982009-12-01T06:21:00.000-08:002009-12-01T07:13:05.591-08:00Clinic Update 12/01/09<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/Sw4TNlHDjatjz6Gk5SoQ5w?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKlWovteuKNNvP4QgVSaByMJEdaHF6h475Xzgehttjwaf3AAIvKMutD_DdjRgF09bD0os8zLEGdkAkJjTcMF1e2VmgRQ-Z6rARhjaIZCZykfovvhqzhHbKU6nRjQPSXpAQinPcFXIugHKp/s400/pr2.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/TRECCLINICBlog?feat=embedwebsite">TREC CLINIC Blog</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/T4Lz-Ry-s0mhN4GNAs0zFQ?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiutA7sHx9bb2Y0OoPAKnQgX22RaSQAqZBNxalyzxGm2-s57ZfPd2C5xtuGDl4SBzL7Mg1Re5EzKjkd91GX-gv9ujlLxm7JD3tCFAvUljfeQrLOfFt68Rx0SUaJprWadLYsIBFg2ljvCshL/s400/pr3.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/TRECCLINICBlog?feat=embedwebsite">TREC CLINIC Blog</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />We had a pretty eventful past couple of weeks. Dr. Palmateer and Tara Tarnowski traveled to Puerto Rico to meet with Dr. Consuelo Estevez de Jensen , director of the University of Puerto Rico Plant Diagnostic Clinic, which is located in Juana Diaz. We are currently collaborating on a project to investigate more sensitive PCR methods for molecular diagnostics. We spent a day at the experiment station in Juana Diaz, trying out a new PCR method. We also travelled to Mayaguez to visit the Plant Pathology department at the Mayaguez Department, and visited with Dr. Brian Irish at the USDA-ARS station. He showed us their extensive collection of cacao germplasm, as well as many other neat tropical plants they have at the station. See photos to the left of the University of Puerto Rico experiment station in Juana Diaz, Dr. Estevez de Jensen in the USDA cacao collection, the biggest baobob tree on the island (also at the USDA station), and Dr. Palmateer appreciating one of the many breathtaking views on the island.<br /><table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/qPzxGQ_Da9Nmi2iwQiGSZQ?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuOxIKb4Gzp03lg7EFS-WTCR_Uhh6xdQa9GHRmedc7xUEJ5m-F0gR4LmpzIxJnDruo1hVfSHsnEwnN5yBq8sFB7w2uyZI9u08gs0gIY-xOfjTMZDHcueOC13rdx6XQ1JHeGU5vB44Gx7xq/s400/pr4.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/TRECCLINICBlog?feat=embedwebsite">TREC CLINIC Blog</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/W83cuacemVgh-ucAifJGcg?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAcox5dSromjoSBFnUb_4GUC4-Kf2qmvtkwJD-rn-VRnLLPIN3i774m5SYkSSfB1sGAaBbyWY8Uw4PXEVbM4suKiEl8NmwdcDsjLxJR33gG3TYOgldxsGaIRV9oFeFYDilSQMb_vsO-apF/s400/pr.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/TRECCLINICBlog?feat=embedwebsite">TREC CLINIC Blog</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />On October 13th, a group of agricultural scientists from Germany visited TREC. We showed them around the clinic and our tropical fruit collections. They then toured several local nurseries. The whole group seemed to enjoy seeing all the tropical fruit and foliage crops we have here in south Florida.<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/gImBorzKf_-Wg2bMg25yVA?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI6uhw52M1paUNDYGBs7UixqinVWo8PXwhuaYEHkZkXceu9oOJhhVRcyA0iYrG87cscvVLI0FHpf4GIjFKHDlzl3qTjVpiLO6CS37NX6R0qHPgYQgFFIpk02ao4S9VIJYAfcMETswMqTLx/s400/germans.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/TRECCLINICBlog?feat=embedwebsite">TREC CLINIC Blog</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />Finally, on October 20th, the latest group of Master Gardeners from right here in Miami-Dade county came through for a tour. The were enthusiastic about everything we showed them, and asked all sorts of questions. We had fun looking at several disease samples together and testing their diagnostic skills. All of them did a pretty good job of distinguishing between symptoms and signs, and were really excited to see vascular discoloration, bacterial streaming, and several photos of fungal spores taken from the samples we were looking at. What a fun group!<table style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/Jk9gztaVKPi5FGX1EZ7kxg?feat=embedwebsite"><img src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/_MJ32yU1Tzhs/SwcSPK_vByI/AAAAAAAABk0/FCF4ds3hS58/s400/00009.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: right;">From <a href="http://picasaweb.google.com/trecclinic/TRECCLINICBlog?feat=embedwebsite">TREC CLINIC Blog</a></td></tr></tbody></table>Tara Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06493798016469833779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-40340465084893693622009-11-13T09:08:00.000-08:002009-11-17T13:07:53.525-08:00Disease of the Month: Physiological disorders of tropical foliage plants<span style="font-weight: bold;">Physiological disorders of tropical foliage plants</span><br /><br />This month we are taking a look at two physiological disorders commonly seen on foliage plants here in south Florida during the colder months. Physiological disorders are not caused by pathogens, but by environmental factors instead. Because these disorders are not caused by biotic agents, they are not infectious and will not spread.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTGRx1EStnuWohDjcDIxPfPZnDiy2c9bOq8E1hJKXhIdt09_8PVUjJN_gQXgSL_mdDIrHjM9-tRpZq5VnGHIsRCzpFG0ok2MEK0oj5tOO9qnasvnJeqt0EGz2Z3tpzRXpP4T8SIGluwUEs/s1600/oedema1.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 236px; height: 159px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTGRx1EStnuWohDjcDIxPfPZnDiy2c9bOq8E1hJKXhIdt09_8PVUjJN_gQXgSL_mdDIrHjM9-tRpZq5VnGHIsRCzpFG0ok2MEK0oj5tOO9qnasvnJeqt0EGz2Z3tpzRXpP4T8SIGluwUEs/s200/oedema1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405180675726712626" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">Oedema</span> (edema) occurs when roots take up water faster than it can be used by the plant or transpired through the leaves. Water pressure builds up in the mesophyll or internal cells of the leaf causing them to enlarge and form tiny swollen blister like areas. The swollen blisters are usually round, and can become corky with age. The tissue under the surface of the lesion, however, often remains green. Oedema lesions can resemble insect galls or scale insects, but scales can be scraped off of the plant surface while oedema blisters cannot.<br /><br />See above for a photo of oedema on orchid, and below for oedema on sapodilla (front and back of leaf).<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKM8KqVLRKyY71-iZRAlcLXFk7C3d4RnpQMoC33kXykq_zq3CamrVBFmbyyCLx5Sgnot3nWIrERyL0a3WtM9E1J5pZRJtoDC6hwlMIim6ndDJVytzsO5KmQL1D8-Oz-m71qIQCWuTUz51F/s1600/oedema_sapodilla.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 297px; height: 198px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKM8KqVLRKyY71-iZRAlcLXFk7C3d4RnpQMoC33kXykq_zq3CamrVBFmbyyCLx5Sgnot3nWIrERyL0a3WtM9E1J5pZRJtoDC6hwlMIim6ndDJVytzsO5KmQL1D8-Oz-m71qIQCWuTUz51F/s200/oedema_sapodilla.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405181289948149778" border="0" /></a>Oedema is most common during winter months in south Florida (November-March) especially during extended periods of cooler, cloudy weather. The cooler air temperature slows transpiration and water evaporation by the leaves, and so excess water in the warmer soil is absorbed by the roots faster than it is lost from the leaves. Several tropical plant species are very susceptible to oedema. For example, Ixora, Peperomia, and some orchids may show symptoms <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT6EDeL5fiP1PQOskllelIXnCKlWEcCqSygh2RjM3gTxfsGEdfcy_6ZgdEmdMcXSohz6HVLXsQDkjOMqq5s-tHuIxDiOnJJ_IGMvfwI_QKWF2CsJzgyt75Exk9Gj_10vAT1u7txMOxUJZ3/s1600/oedema_sapodilla2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 289px; height: 193px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT6EDeL5fiP1PQOskllelIXnCKlWEcCqSygh2RjM3gTxfsGEdfcy_6ZgdEmdMcXSohz6HVLXsQDkjOMqq5s-tHuIxDiOnJJ_IGMvfwI_QKWF2CsJzgyt75Exk9Gj_10vAT1u7txMOxUJZ3/s200/oedema_sapodilla2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405181299315406690" border="0" /></a>of oedema any time throughout the year due to favorable conditions (i.e. excessive water, low air movement, etc.).<br /><br /><br />Oedema lesions are permanent, but under favorable growing conditions, affected plants will produce healthy new growth. Although it may be tempting to remove affected leaves as soon as lesions appear, these leaves are still able to photosynthesize and so removing them may be harmful to the overall health of the plant. Once sufficient new growth is present, the older blistered leaves can be pruned out. The most important step in preventing oedema is to make sure plants are not over watered, especially during cooler weather. Water in the morning, as daily temperatures are rising. Spacing plants further apart to allow more air flow on leaf surfaces can also reduce oedema. For potted plants, avoid accumulation of water in saucers and use well-drained soil mix.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mesophyll cell collapse</span> is another physiological disorder that occurs after exposure to low water or air temperatures. The low temperature directly damages the mesophyll cells of the host, but symptoms may not appear for 6-8 weeks after damage occurs. Symptoms are localized or large areas of sunken or yellow spots on the foliage. These areas may become brown and necrotic with age, and saprotrophic (not pathogens) fungi may colonize the dead tissue. New leaves are more susceptible than older leaves. On orchid species, temperature of 35-45°F and water that differs by more than 25°F from leaf tissue can cause mesophyll cell collapse. Some studies also suggest that extreme fluctuations in day/night temperatures may lead to the condition.<br /><br />Mesophyll cell collapse can be difficult to diagnose because symptoms develop many weeks after the damage occurs. If you suspect that the symptoms you are seeing are due to mesophyll cell collapse, you can check temperature records for the area or greenhouse for the last six weeks and look for cold temperatures or extreme fluctuations in high/low daily temperatures. Also, the pattern of symptoms seen can be clue as to whether the damage is due to mesophyll cell collapse. If the damage is due to a single cold temperature event, symptoms will be seen on a few newer leaves, but growth developing after symptom development should be healthy.<br /><br />Like oedema, damage from mesophyll cell collapse is permanent, but several steps may be taken to prevent or minimize future damage. When watering plants, take care that water is not too cold (more than 25°F/4°C different than plant tissue). Sensitive plants may need extra protection from cold temperatures (heaters and physical protection from cold winds).<br /><br />Several IFAS extension publications exist for these two physiological disorders as well as other disorders caused by environmental factors:<br /><br /><a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PP265">Publication #PP265 Physiological Disorders of Orchids: Mesophyll Cell Collapse. R.A. Cating and A.J. Palmateer.</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PP164">Publication #PP244 Physiological Disorders of Orchids: Oedema. R.A. Cating, A.J. Palmateer, C.M. Stiles, P.F. Harmon and D.A. Davison.</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG441"><br />Publication #PP248 Guidelines to Idenitification and Management of Plant Disease Problems: Part 1. Eliminating Insect Damage and Abiotic Disorders. Monica Elliott, Ken Pernezny, Aaron Palmateer, Nikol Havranek.</a><br /><br />Also, here is a thorough treatment of abiotic diseases on houseplants from the American Phytopathological Society:<br /><br /><a href="http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/abiotic/">APSnet Feature: Non-infectious diseases of common houseplants. January 2001.</a>Tara Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06493798016469833779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-2732553847957590312009-11-02T07:35:00.000-08:002009-11-02T07:57:39.416-08:00BLOG POST 11/02/09We've been busy this last couple of weeks, with 24 samples to diagnose and experiments underway. On October 16, we had a group of students in a tropical cropping systems class from Gainesville come down to TREC for a visit, and we talked about the ornamental industry here in Florida, as well as the function of the diagnostic clinic. It is always astonishing to read the statistics about how large the nursery industry is--it has an economic impact of $2 billion dollars a year, and provides about 40,000 jobs!<br /><br />Dr. Palmateer gave a plant pathology training at the Miami Dade County Extension for the Master Gardeners. He was impressed at how interested and engaged the audience was.<br /><br />Our newest dieback of Eugenia project is underway, we are testing different fertility and irrigation rates to see how they influence disease development. We currently have seventy healthy plants in our greenhouse, which we plan to inoculate next week, and then monitor for disease development. Our hope is that this experiment will provide useful information for growers about how to manage the disease with cultural methods.<br /><br /><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://picasaweb.google.com/s/c/bin/slideshow.swf" width="400" height="267" flashvars="host=picasaweb.google.com&hl=en_US&feat=flashalbum&RGB=0x000000&feed=http%3A%2F%2Fpicasaweb.google.com%2Fdata%2Ffeed%2Fapi%2Fuser%2Ftrecclinic%2Falbumid%2F5399532080285896209%3Falt%3Drss%26kind%3Dphoto%26hl%3Den_US" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></embed><br /><br />Have a look at the <a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/clinc">Clinic website</a> if you haven't already. You can find helpful information about the proper way to submit a sample (including a video demonstration), as well as contact information for Clinic staff.<br /><br />Vegetable season is starting, so we expect to see more vegetable samples coming in...Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15918260938447469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-67287204160206948372009-10-05T10:27:00.000-07:002011-01-10T14:14:31.827-08:00Disease of the month: Dieback of Eugenia<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhInaJgo-fA-jPItVzdHnT-QpwQU8mflGqTh_EPKP1nWMDoekTajyBsCYlpR6_5Ai4904kDqrQsgGziS-jJb708xs7kGJRp4bga3EXllMcReZPp1FnCWzHCHaC5DAUASzL7io0mg6oE-ZI8/s720/IMG_1129.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="Eugenia dieback symptoms" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhInaJgo-fA-jPItVzdHnT-QpwQU8mflGqTh_EPKP1nWMDoekTajyBsCYlpR6_5Ai4904kDqrQsgGziS-jJb708xs7kGJRp4bga3EXllMcReZPp1FnCWzHCHaC5DAUASzL7io0mg6oE-ZI8/s720/IMG_1129.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 412px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 618px;" /></a><br />
October's disease of the month is dieback of Eugenia, caused by the fungus<span style="font-style: italic;"> Neofusicoccum parvum. </span>Eugenia (scientific name=<span style="font-style: italic;">Syzigium paniculatum</span>) is a popular ornamental that is often used in topiaries. It is a tree that is native to the rainforest, and is grown in the US in zones 10 and 11. Nurseries in Miami-Dade County produce an estimated 600,000 eugenia plants per year.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmnVWdQXe0UoyxJG00ScsZj7GPhr2XXcfyze8X0cbFkM4eU8tbgjJ2FespK6Hl3qmWngT0jfbql2gCY03xhmfCSJzb0mDkLiWBk3k0-A0nxpnTMpAo2iwS5OJvURb7mxqWNLjhDWjlF_Y9/s1600/vascular-discoloration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmnVWdQXe0UoyxJG00ScsZj7GPhr2XXcfyze8X0cbFkM4eU8tbgjJ2FespK6Hl3qmWngT0jfbql2gCY03xhmfCSJzb0mDkLiWBk3k0-A0nxpnTMpAo2iwS5OJvURb7mxqWNLjhDWjlF_Y9/s200/vascular-discoloration.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>After Hurricane Wilma in November 2005, a serious dieback disease of eugenia first appeared in South Florida. Affected nursery plants had wilted, defoliated branches, with the dieback symptoms affecting anywhere from a few affected branches to the entire plant canopy. When diseased branches were cut longitudinally, the vascular tissue had a red discoloration (right).<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Causal agent<br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvdzQOkhFUbfJVLxxnGhiZTR8_khIPvdS7H8Jn6esWtG7kbcxY1G_kLRGO3DwahHfVLuIYGAmh8_5cLdV__KL49qHZWNhaTIfVZHJaae2f6l8qDzDCG14CwK51X8lvWz00_WkqiHbT4Nxa/s576/IMG_2340.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="N. parvum in culture" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvdzQOkhFUbfJVLxxnGhiZTR8_khIPvdS7H8Jn6esWtG7kbcxY1G_kLRGO3DwahHfVLuIYGAmh8_5cLdV__KL49qHZWNhaTIfVZHJaae2f6l8qDzDCG14CwK51X8lvWz00_WkqiHbT4Nxa/s576/IMG_2340.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 126px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 146px;" /></a>Work by Aaron Palmateer and Randy Ploetz has determined that a fungus, <span style="font-style: italic;">Neofusicuccum parvum</span>, causes the dieback. <span style="font-style: italic;">Neofusicoccum</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> parvum</span> (=<span style="font-style: italic;">Fusicoccum parvum, </span>teleomorph<span style="font-style: italic;"> Botryosphaeria parva</span>) is actually a complex of closely related species that have a wide host range, with 43 different hosts reported in the <a href="http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/">USDA-ARS Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Fungal Database</a>. It also causes a dieback on <span style="font-style: italic;">Syzigium cordatum</span> in South Africa, a native ornamental tree in that country. <span style="font-style: italic;">Neofusicoccum parvum </span>has been associated with dieback on many other tropical and subtropical hosts, including avocado, guava, citrus, eucalyptus, and mango. The fungus grows rapidly in culture, producing fluffy grey colonies that darken with age. It can produce unicellular conidia that form septa and become pigmented with age, but many isolates grow vegetatively without producing spores.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Disease Cycle and Epidemiology</span><br />
Dieback occurs mainly in the late summer, with the onset of high temperatures. The severity of external and internal symptoms increase as temperature increases. Sunlight does not impact disease severity, so the production of eugenia in full sun is not a contributing factor to the disease.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIhl0SPqfBGIgKGPHztDmZ1KPsMVYH9_ZfFgIiBi-_ALsBZMLhKcXLkXkAqsSZw4A6BzbPZDsq88WUkk0OzTRyQrsOX-m3SLcxn8ogFSwAIlRzgt3yyaXfi7zLcHbMlIx0TjM_NBtPVuwN/s640/2009-10-01%2008.13.37.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="water stress/fertility experiment" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIhl0SPqfBGIgKGPHztDmZ1KPsMVYH9_ZfFgIiBi-_ALsBZMLhKcXLkXkAqsSZw4A6BzbPZDsq88WUkk0OzTRyQrsOX-m3SLcxn8ogFSwAIlRzgt3yyaXfi7zLcHbMlIx0TjM_NBtPVuwN/s640/2009-10-01%2008.13.37.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 163px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 218px;" /></a>Further research is needed to fully characterize the disease cycle and to determine the environmental factors that contribute to disease development. We have a greenhouse experiment underway (right) to evaluate the role of water stress and soil fertility in causing dieback symptoms. In the future we plan to investigate how the pathogen is spread from plant to plant.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Management</span><br />
Currently it is recommended to use good sanitation measures to manage this disease. This includes pruning symptomatic branches and removing the diseased cuttings from the nursery. Sanitize all tools used to prune or work with plants before each use. It's best to sanitize pruning shears between each plant. Some growers handle this by dipping shears in bleach and then dunking in oil after drying (to minimize rust). Examples of disinfectants for tools include: 1) 25% chlorine bleach (3 parts water and 1 part bleach; 2) 25% pine oil cleaner (3 parts water and 1 part pine oil); 3) 50% rubbing alcohol (70% isopropyl; equal parts alcohol and water); 4) 50% denatured ethanol (95%; equal parts alcohol and water); 5) 5% quaternary ammonium salts. Soak tools for 10 minutes and rinse in clean water. <span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Do not mix quaternary ammonia with bleach. </span></span><br />
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<div>Chemical control options include applying a copper based fungicide according to the manufacturer's label. Recommendations include applying fungicides after pruning to minimize infection of the freshly cut tissue. Be certain to achieve good coverage especially on new wounds made during pruning. Because it is likely that plant stress contributes to disease outbreaks, the maintenance of plant health is likely important for dieback management. Although information on this new disease is relatively limited, an extension publication is in preparation, and the following publications give more information on the pathogen and disease:<br />
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<ul><li style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.bspp.org.uk/publications/new-disease-reports/ndr.php?id=018022">Ploetz RC, Pérez-Martíez JM, Palmateer AJ, Cating RA. 2008.<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i> Neofusicoccum parvum</i> causes a lethal dieback of <i>Syzygium paniculatum</i> in Florida.</span> BSPP New Disease Reports Vol 18, Aug 2008 to Jan 2009. (free full-text)<br />
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<li style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-93-8-0804?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528tarnowski%2529&searchHistoryKey=">Ploetz RC, Pérez-Martíez JM, Palmateer AJ, Tarnowski TL. 2009. Influence of temperature, light intensity, and isolate on the development of <span style="font-style: italic;">Neofusicoccum parvum</span>-induced dieback of eugenia, <span style="font-style: italic;">Syzygium paniculatum</span>. Plant Disease 93:804-808. (subscription or fee)</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118484933/HTMLSTART" style="font-family: arial;">Pavlic D, Slippers B, Coutinho TA, Wingfield MJ. 2007. Botryosphaeriaceae occurring on native <span style="font-style: italic;">Syzigium cordatum</span> in South Africa and their potential threat to <span style="font-style: italic;">Eucalyptus</span>. Plant Pathology 56:624-636. (free full-text)</a><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">VIDEO: </span>Check out our video from a trip to a topiary nursery on the west coast of Florida.<br />
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<object height="340" width="560"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/4SHfdp0y1GA&hl=en&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/4SHfdp0y1GA&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="340" width="560"></embed></object>Tara Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06493798016469833779noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849998418251306519.post-89906769021605409022009-10-01T07:58:00.001-07:002009-12-15T12:31:23.294-08:00Welcome to the Plant Diagnostic Clinic.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh56aT0n2ZjOw7xGFgfTH6HuHGAD2u4urjrPyx09xSIFPoH73g-jt1zWWFR84Rkp4uZ-LxRIkqj68048-fpzVf9NhLjVMeHAAb9cP8tqS0QQ-GqztLQink9MbwOyqeITLVhm_iGzshVrLg0/s512/IMG_2253.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 213px; height: 317px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh56aT0n2ZjOw7xGFgfTH6HuHGAD2u4urjrPyx09xSIFPoH73g-jt1zWWFR84Rkp4uZ-LxRIkqj68048-fpzVf9NhLjVMeHAAb9cP8tqS0QQ-GqztLQink9MbwOyqeITLVhm_iGzshVrLg0/s512/IMG_2253.JPG" alt="" border="0" /></a><br />We'd like to use our first blog post to familiarize our followers with the<a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/clinic/index.shtml"> TREC Plant Diagnostic Clinic</a>, located at the University of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center in Homestead, FL. Our clinic is responsible for the diagnosis of diseased plant samples submitted from southern Florida. We get an average of 16 samples every week, 95% of which are diseases or insect problems from ornamental plants. This year we have already diagnosed 619 samples!<br /><br />So who can use the services we provide? Anyone can. While most of our clients are commercial growers and nurseries, we also help homeowners, extension agents, and researchers.<br /><br />The clinic is run by <a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_palmateer.shtml">Dr. Aaron Palmateer</a>, who is supported by several staff members: Ian Maguire, Tara Tarnowski, and Jill Ploetz. Also, several TREC faculty are affiliated with the diagnostic clinic. Diseases of vegetables are diagnosed by <a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_shouan_zhang.shtml">Dr. Shouan Zhang</a>. Ornamental plant samples affected by insect pests are diagnosed by <a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_cmannion.shtml">Dr. </a>Catherine Mannion. Insect samples from vegetable crops are diagnosed by Dr. Dak Seal and Dr. <a href="http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_jpena.shtml">Jorge Peña</a> diagnoses insect pests associate with tropical fruits.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDVKQZNj_fP6MCu0pEgxyXIg6Z0PvpnB3BriLs-beO-_jp-xvbg1za3vPn5HrHmd6SYcS0OoSmYtcJXRCZknb1KZRY_hnwpnwdDT0spvrH4XMRLTayrc88ref4sSmUewpp0gTbZ4tAeGLu/s720/IMG_2254.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 270px; height: 180px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDVKQZNj_fP6MCu0pEgxyXIg6Z0PvpnB3BriLs-beO-_jp-xvbg1za3vPn5HrHmd6SYcS0OoSmYtcJXRCZknb1KZRY_hnwpnwdDT0spvrH4XMRLTayrc88ref4sSmUewpp0gTbZ4tAeGLu/s720/IMG_2254.JPG" alt="" border="0" /></a>In addition to diagnostics, we have an ornamental pathology research program. Right now we have several projects in the works, including investigating environmental factors influencing Eugenia dieback caused by <span style="font-style: italic;">Neofusicoccum parvum, </span>chemical trials to identify products to manage an array of diseases, and developing rapid and easy diagnostic tests using molecular tools.<br /><br /><br />In this blog we will keep you updated on new developments in the clinic, as well provide posts on our <span style="font-weight: bold;">"Disease of the Month"</span>.Tara Thttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06493798016469833779noreply@blogger.com0